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Heathen people of Central Luzon (?); written Jumangi
Latan
Another name of Manguianes who inhabit the plains of Mandarin ( Mindoro)
Lanaos
see Illanos and Malanos
Lanun
see Illanos
Laut
see Samale-Laut
Lingotes
see Ilongotes
Loacs
Not a separate people, but the name of a very poor Tagacaolo tribe who dwell in the mountain forest of San Augustin Peninsula (Mindoro)
Lutanganes
A Mohammedan mixed race of Moros and Subanos, who inhabit of Olutanga and the adjacent coast of Mindanao.
Lutaos, Lutayos
Moro of the district of Zamboanga and frequently called Illanos. it appears to be the Hispanicized form of the Malay Orang-Laut.
Maguindanao
(Mindanao) Another of the Moros who inabit the valley of the Rio Grande de Mindanao. To them belong also the Moros of Sarangani Islands and partly those of Davao Bay. (See the Maguindanaos, by Blumentritt, Das Ausland, 1891, No. 45, pp. 886-892
Malanos
Common name of those Moros, specially of Ilanos, who inhabit the shores of Malanas Lake (Mindanao).
Malancos
A tribe alleged to be settled in Mindanao, but the name is plainly an error for Malanaos.
Malauec
In an anonymous author of "Apuntes interesantes sobre las islas Filipinas," (Madrid, 1870), and quoting V. Barrantes, the common language of commerce of Malaneg (province of Cagayan) is so called; but on the last named also (only)Ibanag is spoken. Other authors understand by this the language of the founded
Barangan
Name borne by those Manguian hordes who occupy the most elevated stations in the Mangarin Mountains ( Mindoro)
Batak
Another name of the Tinitianos, especially those that dwell in the neighbor of Punta Tinita and the Babuyan Creek, on the island of Palawan.
Batan
The inhabitants of Batanes Island were and are enumerated by Spanish authors among the Ibanags or Cagayanes. According to Dr. T. H Pardo this is incorrect, for their idiom differs not only from the Ibanag but from all others in the Philippines, having the sound of "tsch," unknown elsewhere in the archipelago, and a nasal sound like that of the French "en." They are therefore to be separated form the Cagayanes.
Bayabonan
Name of a supposed Malay people with a languages of their own, living as neighbor to the Gamunanges on the mountain slopes eastward from Tuao, in Cagayan (Luzon).They are heaten and little is known of them the Cagayanes
Beribi
Manguianes domiciled between Socol and Bulalacao, living on the mountains. (Compare Bangot)
Bicol
Autonym of those natives of Malay race who inhabit the peninsula of Camarines in Luzon and some outlaying islands. On the arrival of the spanish they were somewhat civilized and had a kind of writing. They are Christian, still a section of them live under the names of Igorots, or Cimarrones, mostly mixed with Negrito blood, in the wilds of Isaog, Iriga, Buhi, Caramuan, etc, wild, and plunged in the deepest heathendom. The official spelling of the name of Vicol. This is clear, since in Spanish the letter v, especially before e or i, is sounded like German b.
Biianes
A Malay people occupying, according, a larger area than I have attributed to them in my ethnographic chart of Mindanao, here thoroughly penetrated also by other socks. The Sarangani island, lying off the southern point of Mindanao, are inhabited by them. They are heathen, of peaceful disposition. The proper form of their name ought to be Buluan, so that they have the title as the lake. They must then at first have been called Tagabuluan ( Taga=whence from there). ( Compare Tagabelies)
Bisayas
Officially written Visayas. A Malay people who on the arrival of Spaniards, had a culture and an art of writing of their own. They inhabit the islands named after them, besides the northern and the eastern coast of Mindanao, with small intrusions of heathen populations that have become Visayised since the converted tribes-Manobos, Buquidnones, Subanos, Mandayas, etc., have been taught the Visaya language in the schools. Also Zamboanga and Cotabao show Visaya setllements. Among them are to be the Mundos. At the time of discovery they painted ( or tattoed) their bodies, on which account they received from the Spaniards the name of Pintados, which stuck to them even till the eighteenth century. They are Christians. Their languages is divided into several dialects, of which the Cebuano and Panayaoare most important. ( Compare Calamiao,Halayo are most important, Caraga, Blumentritt places their number at 2,500,000 and upwards. Globus, 1896, LXX, p. 213.)
Bontok- Igorots
Collective name of the head-hunting peoples living in the province of Bontok, to whom also the Guinaanes belong.
Bouayanan
A heathen folk in the head-hunting of Palawan. the name appears to mean "crocodile men."
Buhuanos, Bujuanos
A heathen folk related to the Igorots ( head-haunters?), dwelling in the province of Isabela de Luzon. They are warlike in nature.
Bulalacaunos
A wild peole of Malay race (without Negrito mixture?), having its own (?) idiom. It is to be found in the interior of northern part of the island of Palawan (Paragua) and in Calamianes islands.
Buluanes
see Bilanes
Bungananes
A warlike, head-hunting (?) people live in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela de Luzon. Except the name. almost nothing is known of them, and in my view this not certain.
Bukidnones, Buquidnones
A heathen Malay people living in the eastern part of the district of Misamis (Mindanao), from Ibigan to Punta Divata (the coast is setlle chiefly by Visayas) and along the Rio de Tagoloan. Lately they have been partly Christianized. The Spaniard conferred on them the name of Monteses, "dwellers in the mountain," which is a translation of their name.
Bukil, Buquil
Name of different Manguiana tribes of Mindoro: (1) the Manguianes mixed with Negrito blood, whose homes are in the vicinity of Bacoo and Subaan; (2) those that dwellon the spurs of the mountains between Socol and Bulalacao, and show a pure Malay type, (3) in Pinamalayan they are called Manguianes of Mongoloid type, who inhabits the plains; (4) the Manguianes who dwell on the banks of the rivers are named Mangarin. In view only to tribes living in mountain forests, it appears to me that the settlements given under 3 and 4 are incorrect.
Buquitnon
A "race" by this name, on the island of Negros, until recently unknown (used in La Oceania Espanola, Manila, August 9, 1889, copied from the Provenir de Visaya.) The Buquitnon are said to be the heathen tribe of about 40,000 souls that hasits homes on the mountains of Negros, not massed together and not to be distinguished from the Visayas living on the coast.. Whether the Carolanos are identical with them is hard to say. The name Buquitnon, of Mindanao, to be strongly distinguished from each other.
Buriks
Under this name figures a pretended Igorot people in all publications devoted to the Igorots, but Dr. Hans Meyer.found that Burik applies to any Igorot who is tattooed in a certain manner. I did not believe this until a Philippine friend, Eduardo P. Casal, wrote that the Igorots in the Philippines Exposition in Madrid, in 1887, had confirmed the statements of Dr. Meyer.
Busaos
From Spanish accounts the Busaos are a separate divisions of Igorots.Dr. Hans Meyer has reported that the Basaos or Bisaos, through manner, costume, and custom, are to be numbered rather with the Guiaanes and Bontok-Igorots than with the Igorots proper.
Cafres
No native people by this name. The Papuan slaves brought to Manila by the Portuguese at the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth century were so called. ( The abolition of slavery under Philip II arrested this traffic.)
Cagayanes
A Malay language group. Their dwelling places are the Rio Grande3 de Cagayan (Luzon) from Furao to the mouth, the Babuyanes and Batanes islands, although the people of the last named are by some authors made an indefendent stock. (Compare Batan.) The Cagayanes had at the time of the Spanish discovery a civilization of thier own. They are Christians. Their language is Ibanag. From them are to be sharply discriminated the people of Cagayn, in Mindanao, belonging to the Visayan stock.
Calaganes
A small Malayan people who live on the Casilaran Creek ( Bay of Davao, Mindanao). Partly converted to Christianity.
Calamiano
Buzeta and Bravo understand by Calamiano a Visaya dialect which was made up of Tagalog mixed with Visaya and spoken by the Christians of northern Palawan (Paragua) and Calamianes islands. Pere Fr. Juan de San Antonio has preachedin Calamiano and composed in it a catechism. The existence of the Calamiano language should therefore be unassailable, but A. Marche has declared that it does not exist
Calauas (pronounce as Calawas)
A Malay people, heathen and peaceable. They live near Malauec, in the valleys of the Rio Chico de Cagayan (Luzon), and on the strip of land called Partido de Itaves. Their language is called Itaves also. but others declare their speech to be identical with the Malauec. The protion of the Calauas who hold the Itaves land are by some authors called Itaveses. I am not whether there may not have been a misunderstanding here.
Calibuganes
So are called in western Midanao the mixture of Moros and Subanos.
Calingas
(1) In northern Luzon, Calinga is the collective designation for "wild" natives, independent heathen, as, in nothwestern Luzon, the word Igorot is applied. (2) The term is specially attached (a) to that warlike people of Malay descent who live between Rio Cagayan Grande and Rio Abulug, and are marked by their Mongoloid type; (b) according to Semper, also the Irayas. (See Die Calingas. by Blmentritt. in Das Ausland 1891, No. 17, pp. 328-331)
Camucones, Camocones
Name of the Moro pirates who inhabit the little islands of the Sulu group east of Tawi-Tawi, and the islands between these and Borneo; but on the last the name Tirones is also conferred
Cancanai, Cancanay
Igorot dialect spoken in the northwest of Benguet
Caragas
In order works are so named the warlike and Christian inhabitants of the localities subdued by the Spaniards on the east of Mindanao, and indeed, after their principal city, spoken, and an especial Caraga nation is no longer known. I explain this as follows: Laready at that time newly arrived Manobos and Mandayas were setlledwho spoke Visaya and newcomers are to ne identified with the Caraga, if in the end, under the first, the Mandaya is not to be directly understood.
Variants:Caraganes *, Calaganes (to be distinguished from Calaganes of Davao), Caraguenos ( now the name of the inhabitants of Daraga la Nueva and Caraga)
Carolanos
Diaz Arenas so designates the heathen and wild natives who inhabit the mountain lands of Negros, especially the Cordillera, of Cauyua. They appear to be of Malay stock, transplanted Igorots from Negros. practically nothing is known concerning them. Compare Buquitnon
Castilas
Native name for Spanianrds and other Europeans in the Philippine Islands
Catalanganes
A Malay people of Mongoloid type. They live in the flood plain of the Catalangan river (province of Isabela de Luzon). They are heathen and peaceable, and have the same langauge as the Irayas. (Half Tagala and half Chinese, Brinton, American Anthropologist, 1898, XI, p. 302.)
Cataoan
A dialect spoken by the Igorots of the district of Lepanto, living in the valley of the Abra River.
Catubanganes, or Catabangenes
Warike heathen, settled in the mountains of Guinayangan, in the province of Tayabas (Luzon). Through lack of available information nothing can be said about their race affiliations, whether they be pure Malay or Negrito-Malay. They are probably Remotados mixed with Negrito blood and gone wild.
Cebuano
Dialect Visaya
Cimarrones
This characterized ("wild," :gone wild") is given to heathen tribes of most varied affiliations, living without attachment and in poverty, chiefly posterity of the Remontados. (See note by A. B. Meyer 1899, p. 12.----- Translator.)
Coyuvos
The natives of Cuyo archipelago (province of Calamianes), with exception of those who belong to the stock of Agutainos. According to A. Marche, the Coyuvos appear to be Christianized Tagbanuas. For that reason would the idiom called Coyuvo be the Tagbanua.
Culamanes
Another name for the Manobos, who live on the southern portion of the coast of Davao Bay, the so-called coast of Tagbuana.
Dadayag
A Malay people who, occupy the mountain wilds in the western parts of Cabagan (province of Cagayan). They have a language of their own and are warlike heathen as well as head-hunters.
Variants: Dadaya
Dapitan (Nacion de)
Title conferred in the sixteenth century on the Visaya of the present comadancia of Dapitan (province of Misamis , Mindanao)
Dayhagang
According to S. Mas, before the arrival of the Spaniards, the progeny of Borneo-Malays and Negrito women were so called.
Dulanganes
This heathen people occupy the southern part of the district of Davao. The name signifies "wild men." It is not known whether they are pure bloods or Malays with infusion of Negrito blood. I believe that the Malays with type predominates. Since they also bear the name of Gulanganes, perhaps, more properly, it is to be suspected that they form with the Mangulangas, Manguangas, and Guiangas (q. v.) a single linguistic group, or at least a stock closely related to them. This is merely a conjecture. By the Moros they are called Bangal-Bangal.
Dumagat
A name conferred on the Negritos of the northeast coast of Luzon and by older non-Spanish writers on coast dwellers of Samar, Leyte, and Mindoro. Latterly it has come about that the Tagal name Dumagat (from dagat, "sea," "dweller on the strand," : skillful sailor,"etc.) has been taken for name of a people. ( A. B. Meyer, 1899. p. 11, calls the Dumagates Negrito half-breeds of the island of the island of Alabat, qouting Steen Bille, Reise der galathea, 1852, Vol. I, p. 451.-----Translator.)
Durugmun
The Manguianes of Mongoloid type are so called who occupy the highest portions of the mountains around Pinamalayan (Mindoro). They are called also Buchtulan.
Etas
see Negritos
Gaddanes
A Malay haed-hunting people, with a language of their own, settled in the provinces of Isabela and Cagayan, but especially in the comandancia of Saltan ( Luzon). The Gaddanes of Bayombong and Bagabag are Christians; the rest are heathen.
Gamungan, Gamunanganes
A Malay people having their own idiom, and inhabiting the mountain provinces in the eastern and northeastern portions of Tuao (province of Cagayan, Luzon).
They are heathen.
Guiangas, Guangas
A Malay people in the northeastern and northern part of Davao (Mindanao). They are heathen and do not differ greatly from the Bagobo, their neighbors; on the other hand, according to the accounts of the Jesuit missionaries, their speech differs totally from those of the heathen tribes near by, and for that reason it is difficult to learn. On account of their wildness they are much decried. The variants, Guanga and Gulanga, which means "forest people," give rise to the bare suspicion that they are a fragment of the little-known tribe who, according to location, lived scattered in southern Mindanao under the names: Manguangas, Mangulangas, Dulanganes.
Guimbajanos (pronounced Gimbahanos)
The historians of the seventeenth century, under this title, designate a wild, heathen people, apparently of Malay origin, living in the interior of Sulu Island. Their name is derived from their war drum (guimba). Later writers are silent concerning them. In modern times the first mention of them is by P. A. de Pazos and by a Manila journal, from which accounts they are still at least in Carodon and in the valley of the Loo; it appears that a considerable portion of them, if not in the entire portion, have received Islam.
Varinats: Guinbajanos,Guimbanos, Guimbas, Quimpanos
Guinaanes (pronounced Ginaanes)
A Malay head-hunting people inhabiting the watershed of the Rio Abra and Rio Grande de Cagayan (Luzon), as well as the neighboring region of Isabela and Abra. They are heathen; their languages posseses the letter f.
Variants: Guianes, Ginan, Quinanes. (See A. B.Meyer, with A. Schadenberg, Volume VIII, folio series, Royal Ethnographic Museum, Dresden, 1890.)
Gulanga
see Guianga
Gulanganes
see Dulanganes
Halay
A Visaya dialect spoken in the interior of Panay.
Haray
A Visaya dialect spoken in the interior of the island of Panay, nearly identical spoken with the foregoing.
Hiliguayna
A Visaya dialect spoken on the coast of the island of Panay.
Variants: Hiligueyna, Hiligvoyna.
Hillunas, Hilloonas
see Illanos
Ibalones
Ancient name of Bicols, especially those of Albay
Ibanag
Name of the language spoken by the Cagayanes. They posses the letter f.
Idan, Idaan
The Idan sought by non-Spanish authors on the islands of Palawan (Paragua) and Sulu, have not been found.
Ifugaos
A dreaded Malay head-hunting people who inhabit the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela and the lately formed comandancia of Quiangan. To them belong the Quianganes, Silipanos, etc. They are heathen. Their language posseses the sound of f.
Ifumangies
According to Diaz Arenas, this name applies to a tribe of Igorots who were then (1848) in the province of Nueva Vizcaya. The f in their name leads to the suspicion that they are Ifugaos.
Ibilaos
A Malay head-hunting people, having also apparently Negrito blood in their veins. They are heathen and inhabit the border lands of Nueva Vizcaya and Nueva Ecija.
Igorots
With the name Ygolot the first chronicles xharacterized the warlike heathen who now inhabit Benguet, therefore the pure Igorots. Later, name extended to all the head-hunters of of northern Luzon; still later it was made to cover the Philippine islanders collectively, and to-day the title is so comprehensive that the name Igorot is synonymous with wild. According to Hans Meyer, the name applies only to the Igorots of Lepanto and Benguet, who speak the dialects Inibaloi, Cancanai, cataoan, and a fourth (Suflin?), that of the Berpe Data.
Variants: Ygolot. Ygulut
( A Chinese-Japaneses Tagala group. Brinton, Amer. Anthropologist, 1898, XI, p.302. COnsult A. B. Consult A. B. Meyer, with A. Schadenberg, in Vol. VIII, folio series of the Royal Ethnographic Museum, in Dresden, 1980; and Die Igoroten von Pangasinana, F. Blumentritt, by Mitgeil. T. K. K. Geogr. Gesellschaft in Wein, 1900, hft. 3 u. 4
Ilamut
Name of an Igorot tribe always mentioned together with that of Altasanes. If this tribe really exists, its home is in the Cordilleras which separate Benguet from Nueva Vizcaya, and is to be sought, indeed, in the last-named province, especially in Quiangan. They may be identical with the Alimut.
Ilanos, Illanos
The Moros dwelling in the territory of Illano, Mindanao. Their name should be connected with Lanao, "lake," since their land in closes Lake Dagum, or Lanao. This conjecture is strengthened through the names Lanun, Lanaos, Malanos, existing in the neighborhood. (Consult A. B. Meyer, Crania, Ethnica," 1882, p. 178, where they are called Negrito.----Translator.)
Ileabanes
According to Diaz Arenas there existed in Igorot tribe of this name (1848) in the province of Nueva Ecija
Ilocanos
A Malay people, with language of their own. At the discovery they had their peculiar culture and an alphabet. They inhabit the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Union, and from the the civic population of Abra, whose Tinguian peasants they Olocanise. Since they are fond of wandering, their settlements are scattered in other provinces of Luzon, as Benguet, Pampnga, Cagayan, Isabela de Luzon, Pangasinan, Zambales, and Nueva Ecija. They are to be found as far as the east coast of Luzon. They are Christians and civilized. (The Ilocanos of the northwest are markedly Chinese in appearance and speech. Brinton, Amer. Anthropologosit, 1898, XI, p. 302. Consult A. B. Meyer, with A. Schadenberg, in Vol. VIII, folio series, of the Royal Ethnographic Museum in Dresden, 1890.)
Ilongotes
A Malay people of apparent Mongoloid type, inhabiting the borders of Nueva Vizcaya, Isabela, and Principe, and known also in Nueva Ecija. They are bloodthirsty head-hunters.( In the eastern Cordillera, a rather pure but
Indios
Under this title the Spanish understand the non-Mohammedanized natives of Malay descent, especially those Christianized and civilized
Infieles
Heathen, uncivilized peoples of Malay descent; were so named by the Spaniards
Inibaloi
Name of the dialect spoken by the Igorots Agnothales
Insulares
Spaniards born in the Philippine Archipelago.
Irapos
After Mas, a subdivisions of Igorots
Irayas
A Malay people mixed with Negrito blood, who dwell south of the Catalanganes and in the western declivities of the Cordillera of Palanan (Luzon). They speak the same language as the Catalanges, and are likewise heathen. Their name seems to mean "dwellers on the plains," "owners of plains." To them the collective name Calinga is applied. (Consult A. B. Meyer Ethnograpic Museum in Dresden, 1890.)
Isinays (Isinayas, Isinay)
In the eighteenth century the heathen population of the then mission province of Ituy were so called, which inclides the present communities of Aritao, Dupax, Banibang, Bayombong (Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon). It is not certain whether they are a separate people or are identical with Gaddanus, Italones, or Ifugaos
Ita
see Negritos
Itaas
see Atas
Itanegas, Itaneg, Itaneg
See Tinguianes
Itaves
So used the language of the Calauas to be called; still there are authors who affirm that these two are different. Nothing certain is known concerning this name, which is also written Itauaes, Itanes. Form latest accounts, this is a dialect of Gaddan.
Itepanes. ( Itetapaanes)
According to Buzeta and Bravo, a head- hunting Malay people mixed with Negrito blood, living on the western borders of Isabela de Luzon and perhaps also in Bontok.
Ituis
According to Mas, a subdivison of Igorots. Nothing more is known. COmapre Isinays.
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